BDB4264

1. very often, with various classes of verbs, to, towards, for: namely
\ \ a. verbs of looking, listening, attending, waiting, etc., as האמין, התחֹלל, יחל, הוחיל, נכסף, כלה (Ps 84:3 + ), אזן, הטה, שׁת) לב, הכין, נתן (נטה, קִוָּה, הקשׁיב, שׁמע (sometimes), צמא to thirst for (Exod 17:3; Ps 42:3), השׁתחוה (to Gen 37:10, towards Ps 99:5); sometimes also with האזין, הביט, נִבַּט, ראה, נפשׁ, נשׂא (see these verbs; many are also construed with other prepositions); Isa 51:6; Ps 44:21 pregnantly Isa 38:14 השׁתאה ל Gen 24:21, החרישׁל Num 30:5; Num 30:8: sometimes without a verb, as Judg 5:9 לִבִּי לְ, Jer 5:3 עיניך ל, Ps 33:18 (|| אל), Ps 39:8 תוחלתי לך היא, Ps 120:7 המה למלחמה, Ps 130:6 נפשׁי לאדני (compare Isa 26:8), Isa 143:6; Dan 11:27; 2Chr 3:13; 2Chr 32:2.
\ \ b. with verbs of saying, calling, singing, vowing, sacrificing, etc., as אמר, דבר (chiefly with God as subject = promise, Gen 24:7; 1Kgs 5:26 +, especially in D כאשׁר דבר לְ Deut 1:11 (see Dr), vDeut 1:21 etc.; with human subject Gen 49:28; Judg 14:7; 1Kgs 2:19 and elsewhere (Gie^42f.: דבר אל is more common), זבח, זמּר, הודה, הגיד, נדר, נשׂא יד (in oath) Ezek 20:5; Ezek 20:6; Ezek 20:23; Ps 106:26, קִטֵר, הריע, נשׁבע, שָׁר etc.
\ \ c. with verbs of giving, leaving, bringing, offering etc., as הביא, הִפִּיל allot (Josh 13:6), נתן, הסגיר, עזב Ps 16:9 abandon to Sheol Isa 18:6, הקריבּ Lev 17:4, שׁוב = to be returned Deut 28:31, השׁיב = bring back Deut 22:1, = requite 2Sam 16:12, שִׁלַּח, etc.
\ \ d. with verbs of dealing, acting towards (whether with friendly or hostile intent), as עשׂה ל Gen 19:8 + often, גמל ל Isa 3:9 so with הֵייטִב, הֵרַע, הֵמַר, חָטָא to sin against (Gen 20:9 +), אָשָׁם to be guilty towards (Lev 5:19), שַׁקֵּר, כִּחֵשׁ to lie to, כִּזֵּב; with verbs of mocking or laughing against, at, as לעג לְ Ps 2:4, שׂחק לְ Ps 37:13, שׂמח לְ to rejoice over Ps 35:19; Ezek 35:15, causative שִׂמַּח לְ Ps 30:2, עלץ לְ Ps 25:2: with other verbs denoting hostility (less common than ב or על), Gen 27:42 מתנחם לך להרגך, 2Kgs 5:7; Exod 11:7 (so Josh 10:21: compare Job 16:9), Jer 25:31; Jer 50:9; Ps 7:14; Ps 37:12; Ps 56:3; Ps 106:16 קנא לְ (usually In good sense, 5 g c)Job 20:27; Job 34:37. And with adjectives, as Ps 73:1 טוב ל good to, Gen 13:13 ׳רָעִים וְחַטָּאִים לי towards ׳י 2Sam 22:24 תָּמִים לוֺ (|| Ps 18:24 עִמּוֺ), Ps 89:29 נֶאֱמֶנֶת לוֺ; with substantive (rare) Exod 32:12; Lam 3:60 (synonym V:61 על).
\ \ e. with words denoting what is pleasurable or the reverse, as נעם לְ 2Sam 1:26, ערב ל Hos 9:4, יֵמַר לְ Isa 24:7, טוֺב לְ (adjective) 1Sam 1:8, נָקֵל לְ 2Kgs 20:10, also הועיל ל סכן ל to be profitable to; and with neuter verbs, to denote the subject of a sensation or emotion, as טוֺב לְ to be well to (with), Deut 5:30; Deut 19:13 +, מַר לְ Ruth 1:13, צַר לְ 1Sam 13:6 + often, כְּרֹב לְ Hos 10:1, רָוַח לְ 1Sam 16:23, חַם לְ to be warm to, 1Kgs 1:1, רַע לְ Ps 106:32, חָרָה לְ it was hot (= anger arose) to Gen 4:6 + often, חָֽשְׁכָה לְ Mic 3:6. And with passive Vbs., נִסְלַח לוֺ it is forgiven to him=he is forgiven Lev 4:26 + often; otherwise rare, נִרְצָה לְ Lev 1:4, נִרְפָּא לָנוּ it is healed to us = we are healed Isa 53:5, הוּנַח ל Lam 5:5, יְבֻלַּע לְ 2Sam 17:16 (see Dr). feminine with verbs of reaching to, touching, attaching etc., as אסר ל to bind to, חבשׁ, דבק Ps 44:26, מצא to reach to Isa 10:10; Isa 10:14; Ps 21:9, הגיע Exod 4:25, נצמד Num 25:5, קרוב (adjective) Ruth 2:20 out of connection with a verb (almost = עַד), Josh 16:1; Ps 59:14; Job 28:3; Neh 3:15; 2Chr 33:14, and correl. to מִן (see מִן 5).
\ \ g. with verbs of motion,as הלך, בא שָׁב etc. (not so common as אל, or the simple accusative with or without ה locative) — (a) with places, rare in early prose, Josh 1:15; Josh 8:14; Judg 1:34; Judg 20:10 (but see GFM), 1Sam 9:12; 1Sam 20:25; 2Kgs 3:27, except in particular phrases, namely למקומו Gen 18:33, לדרכו Gen 32:2, לאהליו 1Sam 4:10 (also with other suffixes: all these + often, especially with שׂוב and הלך, or preceded by distributive אישׁ לאהליו(ךׅ, also, without verb, as exclamation, 2Sam 20:1; 1Kgs 12:16), לארצו Gen 30:25+, אִישׁ לִירֻשָּׁתוֺ Deut 3:20, אישׁ לנחלתו Josh 24:28 +, אישׁ לעירו 1Sam 8:22; Neh 13:10: often In late Hebrew, as Job 4:5; 1Chr 4:39; 1Chr 4:42; 1Chr 5:26; 1Chr 12:1; 1Chr 12:9; 1Chr 22:18; 1Chr 24:19; 1Chr 2:3; 1Chr 8:17 + often Chronicles, Ezra 2:68 +, .; Esth 6:4; Ps 96:8; Ps 132:7; Ps 146:4: לירושׁלם Jer 3:17b (omitted by ᵐ5), Zech 1:16, and often Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah (as 2Chr 11:14; 2Chr 19:1; 2Chr 30:3; 2Chr 30:11), לשׁמרון 2Chr 18:2; 2Chr 28:8; 2Chr 28:9, לבבל Jer 51:2; Ezra 2:1; 1Chr 9:1; 2Chr 36:7 (but earlier always ירושׁלם, שׁמרון, בבל or בבלה); and in poetry Judg 5:11; Isa 22:1; Isa 23:17; Isa 49:18; Isa 51:14 (pregnantly) ימות לשׁחת, Isa 59:20; Isa 60:4; Isa 60:5; Isa 60:7; Isa 65:12; Jer 31:17; Jer 48:15; Jer 50:27; Mic 1:12; Zech 9:12; Ps 7:8; Ps 68:19; Ps 74:3; Song 4:16; Song 5:1; Song 6:2; Song 7:13 נשׁכימה לכרמים, Job 10:19; Job 20:6 הוציא לְ Ps 18:20; Ps 66:12, לאור Mic 7:9; Job 12:22. יוּבַל ל Hos 10:6 + : without a verb, Isa 23:5; Hos 7:12. Also לָאָרֶץ, with many verbs, both in sense down to the earth, Isa 14:12; Isa 21:9; Isa 28:2; Amos 3:14; Amos 5:7; Ezek 26:11; Ps 7:6 +, with חִלֵּל (pregnantly) Ps 74:7; Ps 89:40, and idiomatically with ישׁב to sit on the earth, Isa 3:26; Isa 47:1; Job 2:13 +, without verb Isa 26:9: so לֶעָפָר Job 7:21; Ps 7:6, הוריד לשׁחת Ezek 28:8.
\ \ \ (b) with persons, not very common, Deut 32:35; Isa 31:6; Isa 57:9; Jer 3:22 אָתָנוּ לָ֑ךְ, Ps 45:15; Ps 119:79; Job 18:14; 1Chr 12:16; Neh 6:19, לְעַמִּי Num 24:14; Ruth 1:10: בא לְ, especially with pronoun לְךָ, לָהּ etc. (friendly) 2Sam 12:4; Zech 9:9; Amos 6:1, (hostile) 2Sam 5:23; Jer 46:22; Jer 49:9; Jer 50:26; Jer 51:48; Jer 51:53 with athing as subject Deut 33:16 (לראשׁ), 2Sam 24:13; Isa 47:9; Job 3:25 (compare Isa 66:4), Jer 4:12; Jer 22:33 בְּבאֹ לָךְ חֲבָלִים (so Hos 13:13; Isa 66:7). And with verbs of placing (where עַל would be more usually) Ps 21:4 תָּשִׁית לְראֹשׁוֺ עֲטֶרֶת פָּז, Ps 22:16; Ps 66:12, with לְכִסֵּא Ps 9:5; Ps 132:11; Ps 132:12; Job 36:7: compare נָפַל לְאַפָּיוּ, הִשְׁתַּחֲוָה, Gen 48:12 + (also ׳עַל א).
\ \ h. expressing direction towards (without contact), לאחור backwards Jer 7:24, לַחוּץ outwards Ps 41:7, למעלה upwards, למטה downwards; to scatter לכל רוח Jer 49:32 compare vJer 49:36; Ezek 5:10 +, (שׁמים לארבע רוחות Ezek 42:20; Dan 8:8; Dan 11:4; 1Chr 9:24: of the points of the compass (without verb) לִפְאַת ֗֗֗ towards the quarter of (the north, south, etc.) Exod 26:18 + often P (so Ezek 47:15), לדרום למזרח etc. (late: earlier ממזרח, or מזרחה etc.) Ezek 40:23; Ezek 41:11; Ezek 41:14; Ezek 42:4; Neh 3:26; 1Chr 5:9; 1Chr 6:63; 1Chr 7:28; 1Chr 12:15; 1Chr 26:16-18; 2Chr 31:14, למדבר 2Chr 20:24 also (peculiarly) 1Sam 14:40; 1Kgs 20:38; 2Kgs 11:11.
\ \ i. expressing addition (rare); Isa 28:10; Isa 28:13 צַו לָצַו קַו לָקַו, Isa 56:8 (resuming על), Eccl 7:27 אחת לאחת (adding) one to another, Ezra 8:24; Neh 11:17 (על is more usual in this sense).

2. Expressing locality, at, near, idiomatic in the phrases לִפְנֵי = before (sometimes after verbs of motion, as 1Kgs 1:23, but very often otherwise), לְעֵינֵי in the sight of, לְיַד, לִימִין, לִשְׂמאֹל (only Eccl 10:2), לפתח at the entrance (of), Gen 4:7; Num 11:10 +; in other, rarer connections, Num 20:24 לְמֵי ֗֗֗ (usually על), Judg 5:16 (|| vJudg 5:15 ב), לְחוֺף Gen 49:13 (twice in verse); Judg 5:17, לְפִי Ps 141:7; Prov 8:3; Hos 5:1 לְמִצְפָּה, 2Chr 35:15. לִפְנִימָה = within, 1Kgs 6:30; Ezek 40:16.

3. To denote the object of a verb —
\ \ a. with the Hiph`il, mostly of intransitive verbs, properly (as it seems) a dativus commodi [dative of benefit], as הֵנִיחַ לְ to give rest to, הִרְחִיב to give width to, הֵצַר לְ, הֵצִיק לְ, exceptionally also with other words, as הִרְגִּיוּ, הוֺכִיחַ, הִצְדִּיק to give righteousness to, Isa 53:11, הֶחֱיָה Gen 45:7, הֵבִין give understanding to (late), הִצְלִיחַ (do.), הִרְבָּה Hos 10:1, הִשְׂגִּיא Job 12:23, הִפְתָּה Gen 9:27 give breadth to.
\ \ b. with other verbs, sporadically early (if the text be sound), but mostly late, in conseq. of Aramaic influence (in Aramaic the accusative being constantly denoted by ל), as אהב Lev 19:18; Lev 19:34; 2Chr 19:2, הרג 2Sam 3:30; Job 5:2, בוּז (mostly), בזה 2Sam 6:16, sometimes also זכר to remember, עבד to serve (work or do service for), עזר (2Sam 8:5, and especially late), דרשׁ (especially Chronicles), הִלֵּל (only Chronicles Ezra), רפא (probably the dativus commodi [dative of benefit]), שִׂחֵת 1Sam 23:10; Num 32:15, נִדָּה Amos 6:3, גִּדֵּל Ps 34:4, פִּתַּח Ps 116:16, כִּבֵּד Ps 86:9; Dan 11:38, חִזַּק 1Chr 26:27; 1Chr 29:12, בֵּרַךְ 1Chr 29:20; Neh 11:2, חֵרֵף 2Chr 32:17 see also 1Sam 22:7; 2Kgs 8:6; Jer 16:6; Jer 40:2; Jonah 4:6; Ps 69:6; Ps 73:18; Ps 135:11; Ps 136:19; Ps 136:20; Prov 17:26; Job 12:23b Lam 4:5; 1Chr 16:37; 1Chr 18:6 (הושׁיע, altered from 2Sam 8:6: so Ps 116:6), 1Chr 25:1; 1Chr 29:22 (twice in verse); 2Chr 5:11; 2Chr 6:42; 2Chr 17:7; 2Chr 24:5; 2Chr 34:13 (usually על), Ezra 8:16 at the end of an enumeration, 1Chr 28:1b; 2Chr 24:12b; 2Chr 26:14b; 2Chr 28:23 marking the definite object in apposition, 1Chr 29:18; 2Chr 2:12; 2Chr 23:1; Ps 135:11; Ps 136:19; Ps 136:20 ( = earlier את, Gen 26:34; Judg 3:15; Isa 7:6; Isa 8:2); after a suffix (in Syriac fashion), 1Chr 5:26 ׳וַיַּגְלֵם ל, 1Chr 23:6; 2Chr 25:5; 2Chr 25:10; 2Chr 28:15, compare Neh 9:32 defining anomalously the suffix of a noun, Num 29:18; Num 29:21; Num 29:24 etc. 1Chr 7:5 הִתְיַחֲשָׂם לַכֹּל, 2Chr 31:16; 2Chr 31:18; Ezra 9:1; Ezra 10:14. (But in sentences of the type אֵין דּוֺרֵשׁ לְנַפְשִׁי Ps 142:5 b Ps 72:12; Isa 51:18; Jer 14:16; Jer 49:5; Lam 1:7; Lam 1:9; Lam 1:17; Lam 1:21, the ל belongs probably to ׃אין compare the || types אֵין לִי מַכִּיר Ps 142:5 a Deut 28:31; Jer 50:32; Lam 1:2, דֹּרֵשׁ אֵין לָהּ Jer 30:17; Lam 4:4.) compare Ges^{«GKC:117n»§ 117n}.

4. Into (εἰς), of a transition into a new state or condition, or into a new character or office: —
\ \ a. Gen 2:22 וַיִּבֶן אֶתהַֿצֵּלָע לְאִשָּׁה into a woman, Gen 12:2 וְאֶעֶשְׂךָ לְגוֺי גָּדוֺל into a great nation, and very often with this and similar verbs, as Exod 26:7; Isa 44:17; Isa 44:19, שָׂם Gen 46:3; Isa 5:20 make bitter into sweet etc., Isa 28:17, נָתַן Isa 42:6, also in such phrases as לְשַׁמָּהשָׂם to make into a desolation Isa 13:9; Jer 4:7 etc. Jer 19:8 הפך ל to change into Exod 7:15; Deut 23:6 +, to cut or divide into Gen 32:8; Judg 19:29; Isa 11:15 +, שָׂרַף לְ to burn into Amos 2:1; Deut 9:21 דַּק לְעָפָר פעל Ps 7:14 maketh into (or to be) flaming ones; היה ל to become, in many different connections, as Gen 2:7 ויהי האדם לנפשׁ חיה became a living soul (see היה II. 2 e, p. 226 a); משׁח למלך (לנגיד ׅ to anoint so as to be king, as king (German 'zum Konig': compare Old English to, as Judg 17:13 and 'We have Abraham to our father'), 1Sam 9:16; 1Sam 15:1 etc., צִוָּה לְ to appoint as 1Sam 13:14; 1Sam 25:30 שׁת לְ Ps 45:17 even more freely, as דִּבֶּר עָלַי לְמֶלֶךְ 1Kgs 14:2, compare 2Sam 3:17; 1Chr 29:23 חשׁב ל to count for (or as) Gen 38:15 + often; Exod 21:7 when a man sells his daughter לְאָמָה for, as, a female slave, Deut 6:8 to bind לְאוֺת for, as, a sign, הִתְיַצֵּב (יָצָא) לְשָׂטָן so as to be an adversary Num 22:22; Num 22:32, קום (הקים) לְאֹרֵב 1Sam 22:8; 1Sam 22:13, עמד לְ Isa 11:10; Dan 11:1, יצא לַחָפְשִׁי to go forth into the state of one free Exod 21:2 (compare vExod 21:26 vExod 21:27 after שׁלח), 2Kgs 25:12; Isa 14:2; Jer 34:11; The Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon
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